Virtual Reference

Here are some links to reliable sources to supplement your research.
Found a broken link? Contact Jeffery Brunner (jbrunner@washjeff.edu, (724) 223-6539).

Citation Style Sites
  • Research and Documentation Online, 5th edition  By Diana Hacker and Barbara Fister.  Covers APA, Chicago, MLA and CSE citation styles in detailed examples.
  • APA Style Guide from the University of Southern Mississippi, based on the fifth edition of the APA Publication Manual.
  • Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition. Citation examples are shown for the Author-Date system which is recommended for the physical, natural and social sciences.  Ohio State University Libraries.
  • Chicago Style - Murdoch University. A guide to Chicago reference style.  Murdoch University, Australia.
American History & Culture
  • Digital History. Includes a U.S. history textbook, primary sources on slavery, and Native American history.  Also offers a visual archive with hundreds of historical maps and images. University of Houston.
Arts & Culture
Education, Libraries, Archives & Museums
  • Library of Congress. The outstanding LC website has links to many digital collections arranged in broad categories.
  • National Museum of American History. Browse or search the Museum’s collection of more than 3 million artifacts, which have photo and description. Smithsonian.
Government, Politics & Law
  • Famous Trials. Each trial description includes trial chronology, photos, testimony, key figures, and bibliographies for further research.  University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law.
  • Oyez - U. S. Supreme Court. Oyez Project is a multimedia archive devoted to the Supreme Court of the United States.
    It is a complete and authoritative source for all audio recorded in the Court from 1955 forward and includes information on all justices.  IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law.
  • Primary Legal Research. Provides links to Pennsylvania and United States case and statutory law, administrative law, and the Constitutions. Center for Legal Information.  Duquesne University. Allegheny County Law.
  • Thomas. Conveniently organized site about legislative information, searchable bill text, and public laws.  Library of Congress.
  • USA.gov. Offers comprehensive links to government agencies and information on the U.S. Government's official web portal. 
  • Washington County Law Library. Browse the online and text resources available to the public at the library which is in the  Washington County Court House.  Two knowledgeable law librarians are available to help you.
Literature & Literary Criticism
  • Celebration of Women Writers. Full text content of hundreds of books by women writers throughout history.  Includes novels, poems, letters, and biographies. Browse or search by author name. Some books are in foreign languages.  Mary Mark, Univ. of Pennsylvania. 
Maps & Geography
  • Map Collection. Perry-Castañeda Library. The unique Perry-Castaneda Library Map Collection is from the University of Texas. On this site, find maps of Europe, Asia, The Middle East, and the oceans. It also has maps on hot topics like natural gas fracking and the EU debt crisis.
Reference Collections
  • ipl2 Resources by Subject. Internet Public Library list of hundreds of current reference sources and websites.  It is hosted by Drexel University's College of Information Science & Technology.  
  • What Do You Want to find? Search the Digital Gallery which offers over 800,000 images digitized from the NYPL's vast collections of illuminated manuscripts, historical maps, rare prints, and photographs.  New York Public Library.
  • Online Reference Collection from SUNY at Albany. Hundreds of academic and general information sites from foreign languages to news sources.
  • Virtual Reference Shelf. Website of the Library of Congress has a collection of more than 100 reliable links arranged by topic from abbreviations to statistics.
Research Help & Information Literacy
  • All-Acronyms.com. Website with over 865,000 entries provides a convenient way to find the meanings of acronyms and abbreviations.  It includes some trademarks and product names.
  • Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL). Offers detailed writing and research and grammar help as well as MLA and APA formatting and citation style guides with detailed examples.  Writing Lab at Purdue University.
  • Sakai User Guides. See the Sakai User Guide for Students. The guide provides instructions to help you develop proficiency using Sakai.  Oregon Health & Science University.
  • University of California Berkeley.  Research Help Guides. Covers citation style guides, primary sources, and avoiding plagiarism. University of California Berkeley.
  • Using Primary Sources on the Web. The Reference and User Services Association, a division of the ALA, created a guide to help students understand what primary sources actually are, where to find them on the web, how to cite web sources, and how to evaluate them as legitimate web sites.
Science, Technology, Medicine & Business
  • Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Health care book for professionals and consumers. Search by topic, keyword or symptoms.
  • Public Library of Science. The Public Library of Science publishes several open access, peer-reviewed journals covering biology, medicine, genetics, and diseases.
  • PubMed. PubMed offers more than 21 million citations in biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.  National Library of Medicine. 
  • Scirus for Scientific Information. A science focused search engine, Scirus accesses over 460 million scientific web pages.   Find peer-reviewed articles, patents, technical and medical papers that other web search engines miss.
Statistics, Polls & Surveys
  • American FactFinder. Your source for population, housing, economic, and geographic information.  Census data on ethnicity, NAICS industry codes, and geographies. Census Bureau.
  • National Center for Education Statistics. NCES is the primary federal entity for collecting and analyzing data related to education. Offers data, surveys, and full text reports about all levels of education.  U.S. Department of Education.
  • Nation Bureau of Economic Research. With a focus primarily on the United States, NBER offers data and many surveys and publications.  NBER is the leading nonprofit, nonpartisan economic research organization.
  • Polls & Surveys. Access public opinion surveys from the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research.  University of Connecticut. 
  • U.S. Statistical Abstract. This website is the authoritative and comprehensive summary of statistics on the social, political, and economic organization of the United States.  Census Bureau.
World History & Cultures
  • Avalon Project. Documents in law, history and diplomacy.  Includes text of important documents from ancient history to the 21st century.  Yale Law School. Lillian Goldman Law Library.
  • CIA World Factbook. Concise and current facts and statistics about 267 countries and entities.  Published annually by the Central Intelligence Agency. 
  • EuroDocs. Provides links that connect to European primary historical documents that are transcribed, reproduced in facsimile, or translated.  Includes images of archival documents, archaeological sites, and artifacts from prehistoric and ancient Europe.  Brigham Young University.